Safe Carcass Disposal Critical as Anthrax Confirmed in Cattle Herd

By Scout Nelson

Anthrax continues to be a concern for cattle producers in North Dakota as changing weather conditions make outbreaks more likely. Recently, a case of anthrax has been confirmed in Stark County, reminding livestock owners of the importance of prevention and quick action.

Anthrax is caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis, which can survive in soil for decades in the form of spores. These spores are resistant to heat, cold, and disinfectants. When conditions are right, such as heavy rainfall or prolonged dry weather, the spores can become active. They attach to grass and soil, where grazing cattle may ingest or inhale them, leading to sudden infection.

Dr. Jake Galbreath, Extension veterinarian at North Dakota State University, explains that dry conditions cause anthrax spores to form, while high rainfall can disturb soil and spread spores to plants. This increases the risk of cattle exposure in grazing areas.

The most common sign of anthrax is the sudden death of cattle, often with blood seen around the nose, mouth, or anus. Since other causes like lightning or infections can also cause sudden death, anthrax must always be considered. If anthrax is suspected, carcasses should never be cut open or moved, as exposure to oxygen allows spores to multiply and spread in the soil.

Veterinarians can collect blood samples and submit them to the NDSU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for testing. If confirmed, vaccination is the main prevention tool. A commercial vaccine is available for cattle, sheep, goats, swine, and horses. It is given under the skin, usually in the neck area. A booster may be needed in two to three weeks, followed by annual doses for continued protection.

Producers are advised to move cattle away from contaminated pastures and work with veterinarians on herd protection. Antibiotics may help in outbreak situations, but they can reduce the effectiveness of the vaccine if given together.

Because anthrax can also infect humans, carcass disposal is critical. Experts recommend burning the carcass and surrounding soil in a trench dug at the site of death to stop the spread of spores.

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